In this paper, passenger behavior when traveling to business districts using their own cars, and when confronting various parking fares, is discussed. The final goal is to determine the parking fare threshold (the price at which passengers would refrain from using their own cars) in the central business district of Tehran. Also, effective variables that affect passenger reaction at different levels of parking fare are evaluated. A legit model was made to predict passenger behavior using data gathered in different parking lots, located in the surveyed area. Data have been collected by a stated and revealed preferences method. Characteristics related to passengers and their trips, as well as their reaction to a rise in parking fares, were collected by a questionnaire. Analysis of the model showed that a 400 Tomans/hr increase in the hourly parking fare would eliminate the use of Personal cars by the passengers (99% decreases in Personal car use). It is concluded that travel time and passenger monthly income are the most inertial parameters affecting Personal car usage.

Background and Objectives Despite the success of car-T cells in the treatment of hematologic malignancies, the use of allogeneic sources of T lymphocytes to produce these cells is associated with risk of GvHD. Cytokine induced killer (CIK) cells are a population with a lower risk of GvHD. Therefore, car-CIK cells can be evaluated as a potential alternative for car-T cells. Materials and Methods In this experimental study, after isolation and culture of mononuclear cells isolated from the peripheral blood of two healthy donors, T and CIK cells are transduced with CD19 gene containing lentiviral vector. On the 16th day of culture, to compare the cytotoxicity of car-T and car-CIK cells, these cells were co-cultured with CD19+ K562 target cells, and the death rate among the target cells was measured using a lactate dehydrogenase release assay kit. Student T-test, Anova and post-hoc Tukey were used for statistical analysis using Graph Pad prism software 8. A p-value less than 0. 05 was considered statistically significant. Results In both car-CIK and car-T cell, car receptor caused a significant increase in cytotoxicity. So that no significant difference was observed between the cytotoxicity of car-T cells (67. 8% ± 1. 7) and car-CIK (65. 1% ± 1. 8). Conclusions car-CIK cells show a suitable in vitro cytotoxicity, so they can be considered as a potential alternative for car-T cells. However, more preclinical and clinical studies are needed to compare other effective dimensions in the function of these two cell types.

The problem of Personal identity among others may stem from the following question—what does be the person that you are, from one day to the next, necessarily consist of? The diachronic problem of Personal identity raises question on the necessary and sufficient conditions for the identity of the person over time. The synchronic problem is grounded in the question of what features or traits characterize a given person at one time. To answer these questions, John Locke discarded the soul and the body as necessary and sufficient substances for Personal identity over time. He accepted consciousness as the only criterion for Personal identity; the only thing capable of remaining the same and preserving Personal identity through change. Though Locke’s argument is somewhat clear and coherent but what remains vague and incoherent is embedded in the question—what exactly is consciousness? How and why should it be the basis or criterion for the determination of Personal identity? Using the method of critical analysis, I argue that Locke’s choice of consciousness as the determinant of Personal identity, though quite novel, is incoherent and vague. Secondly, Locke had already presumed and anticipated clearly though fallaciously the very thing he wishes to substantiate. I therefore conclude that Locke’s argument is just another way of trying to escape but inadvertently prolonging the difficulty of apparently articulating a distinction between the psychological approach and physiological approach to the problem of Personal identity. However, in my submission, I propose the concept of the “other” as alternative approach— a sort of an extrinsic-intrinsic approach to the problem of Personal identity.

Active and active presence in cyberspace and social networks is subject to its rules and attributes. Today, with the communication revolution, changing the role of the audience to the user, the presence of each individual in terms of the power of cyberspace to produce content and supply it to others, has changed many of the past equations in communication. Each user must manage the elements involved in this process for their effective presence. So there is the question: Is the value of everyone in this space the same? Are there any ways for individual branding or collective use to be used? How do people describe themselves to others on social networks or how do they shape and identify themselves by identifying their identities? How can people improve their identity? Such questions appear to be natural and expected in the relationship between individual identity and identity as a result of its presence in cyberspace and social networks. This article tries to demonstrate the importance of individual real identities in social networks as well as the development of identity in cyberspace and its promotion through a descriptive and analytical method. The results indicate the importance of several elements such as profile, type of post or post, amount of interest, amount of comment, number of followers, etc. are very effective in making this identity.

According to the growing developments and improvements of cancer immunotherapies, nowadays, special attention has been paid to the immunotherapies of various types of cancers. Chimeric antigen receptor (car) T-cell therapy is one of the T-cell therapies that affects tumor cells, not the normal cells. Research conducted over the past decades suggests that car T-cell based therapies has revolutionized cancer therapies, and has provided precious achievements in the treatment of hematologic malignancies such as leukemia and lymphoma, and solid tumors including neuroblastoma and glioblastoma. In this review article, structure, function of car T- cells, along with some of the antigens that are expressed on the surface of the tumor cells and the car T-cells targeting them are presented. Subsequently, several examples of successful therapies with the help of this technology are presented and finally, the safety of these therapies and the challenges and future perspectives are discussed.

Introduction: Today, treatment with car-T cells is accepted as an effective treatment for blood malignancies. car-T cells are autologous T cells that are engineered by gene transfer techniques to express a chimeric antigen receptor (car). Despite the promising results and the approval of six car-T cell products,these products have not yet been approved for solid tumors. In addition, the high cost of treatment with car-T cells has limited patients' access to these life-saving drugs. Therefore, key considerations in the design and development of car-T cells should be defined and methods of reducing the cost of this treatment method should be investigated. Materials and Methods: This study was performed based on an accurate bibliography through research databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar search engine, as well as the websites of pharmaceutical companies. Results: car synthetic receptors contain an antigen-recognizing extracellular region that connects to the spaceforming, transmembrane and intracellular messenger regions. Each part of the car structure affects some functions of car, including target recognition, activation and cell lysis. So far, five generations of car-T cells have been developed to improve the messaging capacity of these cells. In addition, gene transfer systems such as electroporation, transposon and genome editing systems have been introduced as an alternative to viral vectors to produce safe and affordable car-T cells. Also, the development of ready-to-use products, product production in places far from the place of consumption, new pricing platforms and methods, and health insurance system initiatives have been suggested as ways to reduce prices. Conclusion: In this article, an overview of how to develop car-T cells, important factors in the design of chimeric receptors, different methods of gene transfer and solutions to reduce the cost of this treatment were discussed. By using these strategies, the potential of car-T cells in cancer immunotherapy can be fully utilized.

In recent years, due to the increasing growth of the population of cities and the increase in the rate of car ownership, the dependence of citizens on private cars has intensified, which causes congestion and overwhelming traffic in urban centers, and most importantly, it causes an increase in environmental pollutants. environment in cities and as a result has become a threat to the health of citizens. The current research is practical in terms of purpose. In order to investigate and evaluate the impact of various factors on the dependence of citizens on cars, a questionnaire was designed and the information obtained from the questionnaires was analyzed and evaluated by SPSS software. Then, by using binomial tests, Pearson correlation and linear regression test, the findings have been analyzed step by step. The statistical population of this research includes the residents of Rasht, where each family owns at least one car. In this research, a total of 405 questionnaires were completed online by residents of Rasht. According to the obtained results, the "corona pandemic" index with an average of 3.94 has the highest average among the indexes, and after that, the "communication and correctness" index is in the second place with an average of 3.64. However, the index of "public transportation" with an average of 2.49 has the lowest average among all indicators. Finally, the results of this research showed that the three indicators of corona pandemic, environmental attitude and health of citizens, and lifestyle and tendencies have the greatest effect on citizens' dependence on cars.Extended AbstractIntroductionIn recent years, due to the increasing growth of the population of cities and the increase in the rate of car ownership, the dependence of citizens on private cars has intensified, which causes congestion and overwhelming traffic in urban centers, and most importantly, it causes an increase in environmental pollutants. environment in cities and as a result has become a threat to the health of citizens. On the other hand, the COVID-19 pandemic and social distancing in order to prevent this disease have had many social and economic consequences that have brought about a change in lifestyle and even urban structures, including in the field of urban transportation. He pointed out that the increasing dependence on the car in contrast to the less use of the public transportation system has caused urban planners and management to face a serious challenge in recent years. Environmental, social and economic trends also follow, which have faced urban policy makers with a serious challenge in solving this problem. MethodologyThe current research is applied in terms of purpose and according to the method of answering research questions and the method of answering is descriptive-quantitative. In order to investigate and evaluate the impact of various factors on citizens' dependence on cars, a questionnaire with a 5-level Likert scale was designed and data was collected using this method. The information obtained from the questionnaires was analysed and evaluated by SPSS software. Then, by using binomial tests, Pearson correlation and linear regression test, the findings have been analysed step by step. The statistical population of this research includes the residents of Rasht, where each family owns at least one car. In this research, in order to increase the confidence factor, a total of 405 questionnaires were completed online by the residents of Rasht, and then the questionnaire link was deactivated.  Results and discussionAccording to the obtained results, the "corona pandemic" index with an average of 3.94 has the highest average among the indexes, and after that, the "communication and correctness" index is in the second place with an average of 3.64. And at the end, the index of "public transportation" has the lowest average among all indices, with an average of 2.49. On the other hand, the items "increasing the use of private cars during the Corona era" with an average of 4.29 and "decreasing the desire to use public transportation during the Corona pandemic" with an average of 4.10, respectively, have the highest average in among other subjects. Finally, according to the test of the regression results, the "corona pandemic" index has had the greatest impact on the dependence of citizens on Personal cars in such a way that with a correlation coefficient of 0.387, it alone accounted for 14.8% of the variance share of the "dependence on cars" index. predict Also, in the seventh model, where all the effective indicators are included in the model, the model has a correlation coefficient of 0.629, which shows the high correlation of these factors and dependence on automobile citizens; It was able to form 38.5% of the share of variance of the variable "Dependence on the car". ConclusionAccording to the results obtained from the average indicators, "Corona Pandemic" has the highest average, which shows the importance of the issue of Corona disease and its impact on all aspects of people's lives. Also, on the other hand, the two indices "suitable environment for walking and cycling" and "public transportation" respectively have the lowest average among the indices, which shows the lack of attention of the city officials of Rasht to the issue of the city. It is without a car, which has led to the dissatisfaction of citizens due to the lack of a suitable platform for walking and cycling in the city, as well as the inefficiency of the public transportation system of this city. In this regard, according to the correlation between indicators, the indicators of "suitable environment for walking and cycling" and "public transportation" have the highest correlation among all research indicators, which shows the importance of paying more attention. According to these two indicators in the city of Rasht. In the continuation of the results of this research, based on the step-by-step regression test, the "corona pandemic" index is able to predict 14.8% of the variance share of the "car dependence" index. Therefore, with the emergence of this emerging phenomenon and its spread throughout the world, cities have faced new challenges that have never existed before, and one of these challenges is less use of public transportation during the outbreak of this disease and relying on Most of the citizens have a Personal car for their health and their families. In the next step, the "environmental attitude and health of citizens" index has had the greatest effect on citizens' reliance on private cars. Based on this, it is possible to take an important step towards this goal by building culture in the society and increasing the environmental sensitivities of citizens and increasing people's awareness of environmental trends and the negative impact of using private cars on the health of citizens. In the next stage, the index of "Citizens' Lifestyle and Desires" has had the greatest impact on the citizens' use of private cars. In line with this, it is possible to change the citizens' lifestyles by taking advantage of collective communication spaces and appropriate culture in order to correct incorrect social patterns and an attitude in citizens can lead the society to less use of private cars. In the fourth stage of this modeling, we see the impact of "laws restricting car traffic" on the use of Personal cars, which can be used to prevent more cars from moving around the city and downtown by applying physical restrictions. In the following, among the demographic and descriptive indicators of citizens, the indicators of "number of cars in each household" and "marital status" have an effect on the use of private cars by more and more citizens. In the last stage, the index of "public transportation" has an undeniable effect on the state of citizens' dependence on private cars, and finally, all the mentioned indicators together have been able to explain 38.5% of the variance of the dependence on cars among citizens. slow, which is a very significant amount, and paying attention to these indicators and improving the quality level of each of them can play a significant role in changing the pattern of citizens' use of private cars. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the persons for scientific consulting in this paper.